Fish farming has become one of Ghana’s fastest growing agricultural sectors, providing employment, improving food security and supplying an affordable source of animal protein. Yet, beneath the calm waters of many fish ponds lies an emerging challenge that could have far-reaching consequences for public health, environmental sustainability and the future of aquaculture.
A study conducted by Dr. Seyramsarah Blossom Setufe of the Department of Fisheries and Water Resources at the University of Energy and Natural Resources (UENR) has revealed growing concerns over the unregulated use of antibiotics in fish farming within the Sunyani Municipality, highlighting practices that may contribute to antimicrobial resistance and environmental contamination.
The findings were presented at the Annual Research Project Exhibition and Stakeholder Engagement organised by the School of Natural Resources.
According to Dr. Setufe, Ghana’s aquaculture industry has expanded rapidly in response to declining capture fisheries and the increasing demand for fish as a source of protein. While the growth presents significant economic opportunities, it has also intensified production practices, leading many farmers to rely on antibiotics to control bacterial diseases associated with overcrowding and poor water quality.
The research, conducted across fish farming communities including Abesim, Fiapre, Zinco, Kotokrom, Berlin Top, Baakoniaba, Notre Dame, and Odumase, surveyed 40 fish farmers to understand their antibiotic use and management practices. The study found that antibiotics such as amoxicillin and oxytetracycline were commonly administered, often without veterinary supervision or formal training on their appropriate use.
Beyond the use of antibiotics itself, the research identified practices that could have wider implications for human and environmental health. Many farmers did not observe the recommended withdrawal periods before harvesting fish, while antibiotic-contaminated wastewater was frequently discharged into surrounding environments.
Dr. Setufe explained that these practices increase the risk of antimicrobial resistance, a growing global public health concern in which bacteria become resistant to medicines designed to eliminate them. Such resistance threatens the effectiveness of antibiotics used to treat infections in both humans and animals.
The study further revealed that although awareness of antibiotics among farmers was relatively high, many lacked adequate knowledge of their long term effects on ecosystems, food safety and public health. Most of the farmers surveyed were young people under the age of 30, reflecting the increasing participation of youth in Ghana’s expanding aquaculture industry.
To address these challenges, the study recommends strengthening extension services to provide continuous education on responsible antibiotic use, fish health management and improved water quality practices. It also advocates greater veterinary oversight, enhanced monitoring of antibiotic use and the development of clear national guidelines governing the disposal of aquaculture wastewater.
Dr. Setufe underscored the importance of stronger collaboration among government agencies, veterinary professionals, public health authorities, researchers and aquaculture operators to ensure responsible production practices while safeguarding public health and protecting the environment.
The research adds to ongoing national and global conversations on antimicrobial resistance and demonstrates how university-led research can generate practical evidence to inform policy, improve farming practices and promote sustainable development.
As Ghana continues to invest in aquaculture to strengthen food security and create employment, the study serves as a timely reminder that sustainable growth depends not only on increasing production but also on protecting the health of consumers, preserving the environment and ensuring that life-saving antibiotics remain effective for future generations.
